Macro Linguistics

1.    Micro linguistics is one of branch of linguistics that concerns itself with the study of language system in abstract, also small view in structure of language systems without related to other sciences and without related how to apply it in daily life. Micro linguistic concern about:

a.       Phonology, the study of sounds as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning.

b.      Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified.

c.       Syntax, the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences.

d.      Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of sentences.

e.       Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or otherwise) in communicative acts.

2.    Macro linguistics is one of branch of linguistics and has broadest view about language. It is concerned external view of language itself with related to other sciences and how to apply it in daily life. It is contrast with micro linguistic, some fields of macro linguistic:

a.       Stylistics, the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context.

b.      Developmental linguistics, the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood.

c.       Historical linguistics or Diachronic linguistics, the study of language change.

d.      Evolutionary linguistics, the study of the origin and subsequent development of language.

e.       Psycholinguistics, the study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language use.

3.      Voiced phonemes in English phonology

Voiced consonants are that they use the voice. This is easy to test by putting your finger on your throat. If you feel a vibration then the consonant is voiced and if it does not vibrate then the consonant is not voiced.

a.       Phoneme /b/ \

Spelled b : Voiced bilabial plosive

Bilabial consonants are consonants articulated with both lips. Plosive also known as stop, is an oral occlusive, a consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases. Example: book (buk), aback (əˈbæk)

b.      Voiced phoneme /v/

Voiced labiodental fricative

Labiodental consonants are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth. Fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air get out through a narrow channel between teeth. Example:  vanilla (ve’nile)

c.       Voiced phoneme /ð/

Voiced dental fricative

Dental consonants are consonants articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth. Fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air get out through a narrow channel between teeth. Example: they (ðei)

d.      Voiced phoneme /d/

Voiced alveolar plosive

Alveolar consonants are consonants articulated with the tongue against or close behind the foot of tooth. Example: dish (dis)

e.       Voiced phoneme /z/

Voiced alveolar fricative

Alveolar consonants are consonants articulated with the tongue against or close behind the foot of tooth. Fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air get out through a narrow channel between teeth. Example: zone (zaun)

f.       Voiced phoneme /ʒ/

Voiced palato-alveolar fricative

Fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air get out through a narrow channel between teeth. Example: vision (vɪʒən)

g.      Voiced phoneme /dʒ/

Voiced palato-alveolar affricative

Affricates are consonants that begin as stops but release as a fricative rather than directly into the following vowel. Example: jump (ˈd͡ʒʌmp)

h.      Voiced phoneme /g/

Voiced velar plosive

Velar consonants are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth. Example: goat (geut)

4.      Bilabial phonemes in English

Bilabials are consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two lips. Bilabials may be voiced (vocal cords vibrating during the articulation of the consonant) or voiceless (vocal cords not vibrating during the articulation of the consonant). For example p, b, m, where both lips touch each other, and w in which lips are rounded.

a.       Phoneme /p/

The phoneme spelled p : Voiceless bilabial plosive

Example: cap

b.      Phoneme /b/

The phoneme spelled b : Voiced bilabial plosive

Example: cab

c.       Phoneme /m/

The phoneme spelled m : Voiced bilabial nasal

Example: maid

d.      Phoneme /w/

The phoneme spelled w : Voiced bilabial approximant

Example: wet

5.      Morpheme is divided into two main general part free morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morphemes are those which can stand alone and can function independently as words for example: kick, smash, etc. Then bound morphemes are those which cannot stand alone, only appear as parts of words and bound morphemes are meaning-bearing units of language, such as prefixes and suffixes, that are attached to free morphemes for example: -ian, -tion, -er, etc.

6.      Allomorph
Allomorphs are different forms of the same morpheme, or basic unit of meaning. These can be different pronunciations or different spellings. An allomorph is a linguistics term for a variant form of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound (phonologically) without changing meaning. Allomorph is used to explain the comprehension of variations in sound for a specific morpheme.

Example: -s has at least three allomorph:

a.       –is as in catches.

b.      –s as in puts.

c.       –z as in arms.